Abstract Submission

Fractures are ubiquitous in geological formations. Fractured formations exhibit substantially different fluid transport and mechanical properties than their intact counterpart. Therefore, in many subsurface applications, irrespective of the engineering objectives (either to induce or to avoid inducing fractures), it is of great interest to understand the behavior of fractures under various conditions. However, accurate modeling of fractures has been a significant challenge in the computational mechanics community for several decades. One unique difficulty lies in the discrete nature of fractures, which does not fit continuum mechanics-based descriptions without special treatment through homogenization or multi-scale approaches. Furthermore, the discontinuous behavior of fractures evolves over time and causes highly non-linear phenomena and multi-physical interactions. A range of modeling methods have been proposed for fracture propagation modeling, including continuum-based approaches (e.g., the phase-field, multi-scale method, and the extended/general finite element method) and discrete models (e.g., the discrete element method, and the lattice element method). In this session, we welcome contributions to addressing fracture propagation modeling issue(s) from every aspect of numerical modeling and knowledge exchange among practitioners and researchers in the field.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen (H2) injection in deep geological formations induces coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical (THMC) processes that may compromise the safety of the storage. Proper characterization and management of the storage sites should carefully consider the geomechanical response induced by pressure buildup and consequent changes in stress and strain states. On top of that, thermo-mechanical effects play a role because CO2 and H2 reach the storage formations at a colder temperature than that corresponding to the geothermal gradient. Additionally, the dissolution of the injected fluids in in-situ brines may cause chemical reactions and dissolution/precipitation of minerals that may alter the geomechanical properties of rocks and faults in the long term. To improve the knowledge and minimize the uncertainty in the short- and long-term subsurface injection operations, the study of coupled THMC processes at multiple scales is required: from millimeter scale samples to cores tested in the laboratory, field-scale tests performed at pilot sites, and reservoir-scale related to industrial storage sites. This session is aimed at discussing THMC processes associated with CO2 and H2 storage and their upscaling using analytical, experimental, numerical, and machine learning approaches.

Deep geothermal systems are rapidly developing to serve as a reliable, renewable, and long-term energy source. Deep geothermal systems are envisioned to be placed at various locations and in different host rocks, tapping into the Earth’s heat for extraction and electricity production. However, deep geothermal systems still face fundamental challenges related to rock behavior, fault reactivation and fracturing, fluid flow and heat transfer, fracture propping, and chemical and possibly biological processes. These thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical processes are strongly coupled and mutually dependent. We invite theoretical, analytical, empirical, and numerical papers that contribute to a better understanding of coupled processes across scales governing prospects for geothermal energy extraction, from establishing the reservoir through site exploration, hydraulic stimulation, drilling, to long-term behavior. Furthermore, environmental and climate-related contributions are welcome, provided they focus on understanding coupled processes.

Fracture network conditioning is entering a new phase, where spatially variable data constraints, structural determinism, and stochastic realism must be reconciled within unified, predictive frameworks. This session explores emerging approaches that integrate statistical priors, observational constraints, and multi-scale heterogeneity into DFN models through advanced inversion, optimization, and surrogate modelling strategies.
Expected contributions include novel methods to combine explicitly constrained features with statistically derived fracture properties, and to propagate these constraints across zones of varying data support. We highlight techniques that address the stochastic–deterministic transition, such as:
• Physics-informed surrogates and data-driven emulators to accelerate calibration
• Zone-based conditioning and geostatistical integration of spatial priors
• Bayesian and ensemble-based workflows for uncertainty-aware inversion
• Multi-resolution integration of borehole, core, tracer, and geophysical data
• Hybrid deterministic–stochastic representations with explicit rule sets or latent-variable controls
This session seeks contributions that move beyond incremental calibration, demonstrating how conditioning can sharpen predictions, reduce manual tuning, and establish scalable, automation-ready workflows for next-generation fracture network modelling.

A final repository for spent nuclear fuel is a project of unique character. The engineering design is subject to strict requirements and the safety assessment encompasses the next million years. Complex behaviour and coupled processes as well as short-term and long-term phenomena have to be considered. This encompasses the process of excavation, with the subsequent Excavation Damage Zone and the Excavation Influenced Zone, as well as phenomena such us glaciation cycles, permafrost, earthquake, and thermal loading. These phenomena can induce pore pressure changes, deformation and fracturing of the rock mass and, as a consequence, changes in fracture network connectivity and flow. Increase knowledge about the THM coupled processes that lead to rock deformation and fracturing is a key aspect to better understand the existing rock fracture network and its short- and long-term evolution. This is therefore a key aspect for the long-term safety assessment of spent nuclear facilities. In this session, we would like to discuss the latest advances in this research area.

Flow through fractured hard rock occurs mainly through the fractures. Although coupled single fracture behaviour has been subject to investigation in the latest decades, outstanding questions still remain. Recent improvements in laboratory testing equipment, surface characterization methods, monitoring and visualization techniques allow for a much more detailed study and conceptualization of the coupled THM behaviour of single fractures and fracture intersections. Furthermore, in order to incorporate coupled THM behaviour in discrete modelling methodologies with millions of fractures, the key is to find the balance between constitutive model detail and pragmatic simplification. In this session we would like to discuss these and other questions related to this research area.

Planning, executing and interpreting coupled THM field experiments is a complex task. However, it is the key to understanding the coupled THM processes that govern fractured rock mass behaviour at intermediate and large scale. By measuring and/or monitoring the THM response of the rock mass in the field we can improve our understanding and generate confidence in existing constitutive models or develop new ones. This, in turn, contributes to increasing the confidence in our predictions and assessments. In this session we would like to discuss about the latest advances in this research area.

Safe disposal of high-level radioactive waste (HLW) is a challenging rock engineering task for the sustainable development of nuclear energy and environmental protection. Geological disposal is a feasible and safe option for the long-term management of HLW worldwide, and many countries have considered building deep geological repositories (DGRs) in which to dispose of spent fuel or vitrified HLW. This session aims at introducing knowledge about coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical processes of geological and engineered barriers in DGRs. Meanwhile, multi-field coupling research progress in geological disposal programs in different countries will be shared. The experience and lessons learned from the multi-field coupling testing at different scales and numerical modeling for the DRGs will also be summarized. Attendees from rock mechanics, soil mechanics, geology, hydrogeology, and geochemistry or other related fields would benefit from this session.

Coupled hydraulic-mechanical-chemical (HMC) processes in fractured rocks play a key role in the performance of several geoengineering applications, including nuclear waste disposal, carbon geological sequestration, geothermal energy systems, underground storage and dam foundation integrity. These couplings are complex: mechanical stresses and displacements directly alter fracture aperture and topology, which affects fluid flow and solute transport. In turn, water-rock chemical reactions can lead to precipitation/dissolution fronts that alter fracture aperture and roughness, indirectly affecting both mechanical strength and hydraulic properties.
This session welcomes studies addressing key challenges in predicting HMC behavior of fractured rock. We encourage submissions of papers that use analytical, experimental, or numerical techniques to answer critical questions such as:
• How do mechanical stresses control the flow of simple (Newtonian) or complex (non-Newtonian) fluids and the transport of solutes in rock fractures?
• How does chemical interaction between fluid and rock or filling materials influence the reshaping of fracture geometry, and consequently, their mechanical and hydraulic responses?
• How can we better model the short- or long-term evolution of fracture systems under coupled HMC conditions?

This session explores the dynamic interplay between faulting, fracturing, and fluid flow in the formation and evolution of mineral and subsurface energy systems. We invite contributions that investigate how mechanical deformation, chemical reactions, and fluid transport interact across scales – from grain-scale processes and fracture propagation to crustal fault zones dynamics. Topics may include fault-controlled permeability, reactive transport, strain localization, and chemo-mechanical feedbacks in mineralization and energy-related environments. While integrative approaches combining field observations, laboratory experiments, and numerical modelling are encouraged, we also welcome studies focusing on any specific aspect or combinations of these processes. The session aims to foster dialogue between geomechanics experts, structural geologists, and resource or mineral system researchers, with a particular interest in contributions that address the role of faults and fractures in ore genesis, resource prediction, and subsurface energy systems (e.g., geothermal, shale, as well as hydrogen and carbon storage), bridging fundamental understanding and applied perspectives on the behaviour of faults and fractures in the Earth’s crust.

The development of Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) is pivotal for the global transition to renewable energy, yet the challenge of induced seismicity remains a critical barrier to its sustainable and socially accepted deployment. This session focuses specifically on the unique mechanics of seismicity induced by geothermal operations, from fluid injection and circulation at the surface to the consequent activation of subsurface faults. We invite contributions that advance the fundamental understanding of fault reactivation processes in typically low-permeability, hot rock masses. Key topics include the role of high-pressure fluid injection in altering the local stress field and pore pressure; the critical Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical-Chemical (THMC) coupling processes that govern fracture permeability and fault stability; The unique role of altered minerals filled in faults or fractures; and the spatio-temporal evolution of seismicity during and after reservoir stimulation; and EGS-related induced earthquake mitigation strategy. We welcome studies utilizing advanced numerical modelling, laboratory experiments on faulted rock, field monitoring from EGS sites, and insightful case studies. The goal is to integrate multidisciplinary knowledge to develop predictive models and effective mitigation strategies, ensuring the safe and efficient exploitation of geothermal energy.

The proposed session will examine the couplings between hydrology, chemistry, and mechanics in clay materials with an eye toward their seemingly anomalous properties related to the influence of clay electrostatic properties.

Rock damage at multiple scales (microscopic cracking, macroscopic fracturing, fault stimulation and plastic deformation, etc), should be resulted from the underground development/construction in various rock engineering applications such as nuclear waste disposal, enhanced geothermal system, carbon storage and mining engineering. Pre-existing and secondary generated damage zones within geological media can cause profound influences on the coupled processes. For example, fracture initiation/extension induces phenomena within fractured/porous rock masses related to thermal, hydraulic, mechanical, and chemical components, such as strength degradation, permeability enhancement, creation of conduits for fluid/mass transports, heat convection and fracture-matrix heat exchange, and site exploration of fluid-rock reactions. To expand discussions that lead to understanding of such damage-induced coupled processes from multiple aspects, in this session, we invite any work related to coupled processes with rock damage covering numerical, analytical, experimental approaches.

The proposed session invites experimental and numerical investigations on mechanical shearing, hydroshearing, and thermoshearing (either induced by heating or cooling) of rock discontinuities that can shed light on scientific questions, which include, but are not limited to: How do fluid, heat, or their combined effects alter fracture/joint surface contacts, and consequently affect their frictional behavior? Does the presence of water act as a lubricant and reduce frictional strength of rock discontinuities? To what extent does elevated temperatures promote creep? How does the interplay of heat and hydro-mechanical processes influence these mechanisms?

The proposed session will examine the chemo-mechanical processes associated with fractured rock. Topics of interest include the chemo-mechanical erosion of fracture asperities, enhancement of mineral dissolution from stressed interfaces, suppression of mineral precipitation in stressed fractures, effects of reaction-induced volume expansion and fracturing, and combinations of free-face and pressure dissolution erosion of fracture walls. Experimental, modeling, and characterization studies are all encouraged.

Discrete fracture network (DFN) is a widely adopted modeling framework in which fractures are explicitly represented, each characterized by orientation, size, transmissivity, and aperture distributions. The main advantage of the DFN approach is its ability to explicitly account for the effects of individual fractures on fluid flow and coupled thermal-hydrological-mechanicalchemical (THMC) processes. However, this approach requires detailed field data – including fracture geometries and spatial distributions—which can limit its practical application. Additionally, the challenge is to incorporate the processes occurring in the rock matrix and to build a mesh for both fractures and, when required, the rock matrix with necessary quality for subsequent physical process simulations. This session aims to review recent studies utilizing high-fidelity DFN models and their applications in hydrogeology, rock mechanics, and enhanced geothermal systems. We welcome contributions addressing fundamental aspects of the DFN modeling framework, such as meshing, numerical discretization methods, and the conditioning of DFN models.

Coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical (THM) processes in fractured rocks are key to several important practical applications, such as CO2 injection and storage in deep underground formations, hydraulic fracturing to extract oil or gas from shale formations, deep geothermal exploitation and nuclear waste disposal. The interaction of these THM processes with complex geological settings (fracture networks, bedding planes and pre-existing faults) and heterogeneities (anisotropic in situ stress states, spatial variability of rock mass properties and multi-layers with different hydro-mechanical properties) is still very much an open area of research. Additionally, fractures are largely prone to variations of mechanical and hydraulic properties, in particular in the event of seismic activation, which lead to a strong non-linear behavior and can induce further failure due to the combination of dynamic stress, increase of fluid pressure, reduction in the frictional strength or subcritical crack growth. In this session, we welcome contributions from experimental, theoretical and numerical studies to improve the existing knowledge on coupled THM processes in fractured rocks.

Undisturbed rock salt has very favorable properties for underground storage and disposal, such as very low permeability and porosity, relatively high thermal conductivity, ductility, and healing/sealing potential. These assets make rock salt a strategic host rock for several applications, including nuclear waste disposal and storage of energy vectors. However, several processes may alter the initial tightness of the host rock.
In the case of heat-generating nuclear waste, thermal pressurization may lead to the development of flow paths (due to the difference in thermal expansivity between the brine and the rock), and in the excavation damaged zone a temporary increase of permeability and void opening is expected before conditions are prone to healing. In addition, H2 may be generated from the corrosion of the waste packages over time.
In the case of salt cavern storage, some damage is expected at the cavern wall, depending on the pressure of the stored fluid (too high and too low fluid pressures may reduce the tightness of the rock). Furthermore, in scenarios of high-frequency cyclic operations, additional complex processes such as fatigue and thermally-induced damage need to be assessed.
This session welcomes contributions related to the development and evolution of flow paths in applications related to disposal and storage in rock salt. Experimental, theoretical and numerical investigations of coupled THMC processes are welcome, including brine-fluid interactions.

Reactive transport and its coupling with geomechanical deformation in fractured rocks are central to a wide range of geo-science and geo-engineering challenges, including geothermal energy extraction, enhanced weathering, reservoir stimulation (fracturing and acidization), CO2 and H2 storage, and nuclear waste disposal. While numerous laboratory and micromechanical studies have revealed critical hydro-mechanical-chemical (HMC) feedbacks (such as stress-driven dissolution and precipitation, reaction-induced fracture propagation, and chemically mediated mechanical weakening or healing of fracture surfaces), translating these mechanisms into reliable field-scale predictions remains a major challenge. The intricate geometry of fracture networks, spatiotemporal evolution of reaction fronts and stress fields, and two-way chemo-mechanical couplings collectively introduce substantial uncertainties in predicting the long-term behavior and integrity of fractured rocks.
This session aims to bridge this knowledge gap by bringing together studies that integrate laboratory observations, mechanistic understanding, and field-scale modeling of reactive transport and stress coupling. We welcome contributions focusing on experimental characterization, multi-physics simulations, and upscaling strategies that quantify how chemical reactions and mechanical stresses co-evolve to govern flow channeling in networks, reactive front instabilities, and fracture propagation or sealing. Field-scale case studies would be particularly encouraged. By fostering dialogue across scales and disciplines, this session seeks to advance predictive capabilities for coupled HMC processes and their applications in safe, efficient, and sustainable subsurface engineering.

Understanding fracture evolution is essential for many subsurface energy applications, including subsurface storage, shale gas production, fracking, CO2 sequestration, and geothermal energy extraction. Geochemical processes in particular play a significant role in the evolution of fractures through dissolution-driven widening, fines migration, and/or fracture sealing due to precipitation. Geochemical processes also facilitate formation of fractures during subcritical crack growth.

A key challenge, both observationally and from a modeling perspective, is the need to understand these processes at the scale of individual pores and at the same time to translate their impact to the larger scale. The morphology and thus hydrophysical properties of fractures evolve dynamically as a function of mineral dissolution and precipitation driven by fluid composition, temperature, and pressure variations. This is especially true when fluids out of equilibrium are introduced in the fractures.

In this session, we seek contributions that advance our understanding of coupled reactive transport processes in fractures from the scale of individual pores on up and use this understanding to predict the evolution of properties of fractured media to larger scales as relevant for field applications.

Underground hydrogen storage (UHS) in porous reservoirs and salt/rock caverns offers a promising solution for large-scale energy storage over both short and long durations. However, hydrogen’s unique properties, being the smallest molecule with low density and high diffusivity, introduce challenges such as diffusion in reservoir formation, and potential leakage through caprocks or salt barriers. Unlike CO2 or natural gas in underground storage, hydrogen acts as a universal electron donor in geochemical reactions and numerous anaerobic microbial metabolisms, which may alter rock properties (e.g., mechanical strength, porosity and permeability) and lead to hydrogen consumption or contamination. More frequent injection and withdrawal cycles further demand a deeper understanding of reservoir and caprock integrity than other underground storage applications. Many critical challenges for geological hydrogen storage remain unresolved.
This session aims to bring together recent experimental, theoretical, and numerical research on coupled THMC-B (thermal, hydraulic, mechanical, chemical, and biological) processes in UHS. We particularly welcome laboratory studies spanning micro- to core-scale, including microfluidic and core-scale experiments, as well as numerical simulations that bridge experimental observations with modeling efforts to advance predictive capabilities.

Seismo–hydro–mechanical (SHM) coupling governs how stress, deformation, and fluid migration interact within rocks and faults—processes that operate from the Earth’s surface to deep underground. Understanding these couplings is essential for interpreting crustal deformation, fluid-induced seismicity, and fracture propagation under varying stress and saturation states. Laboratory and in situ experiments provide a controlled means to isolate and quantify these complex interactions, revealing mechanisms that are often inaccessible in the field.
This session highlights advanced experimental and monitoring approaches that investigate the coupled evolution of stress, fluid flow, and seismic or (in)elastic responses in rocks—from tensile microfracturing near the surface to fault slip at depth. We welcome contributions utilizing innovative laboratory and in situ setups and sensing techniques such as acoustic emission, fiber-optic strain sensing, ultrasonic monitoring, X-ray imaging or other multiphysics diagnostics. The session seeks to bridge experimental rock physics and fault mechanics toward a mechanistic understanding of SHM processes across scales and loading conditions.

Session Introduction: The human exploration is continually extending into both deep Earth and deep space. The deep Earth domain covers scientific drilling at depths of 10，000 meters, deep oil/gas, deep underground engineering. The deep space domain involves drilling and sampling, in-situ testing, and base construction on the Moon, Mars, and asteroids. In these extreme environments, geomaterials exhibit strong nonlinearity, multi-physics coupling, and cross-scale evolution, while engineering practices demand increasingly unmanned or minimally manned operations. Recently, the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics has brought forth novel ideas and breakthrough tools for deep Earth and deep space exploration.
This session aims to bring together multidisciplinary experts and scholars for in-depth exchanges and discussions around the following directions:
1. Cutting-edge AI Algorithms
(1.1) Interpretability and transferability of neural network.
(1.2) Generative AI for rock mass modeling and mechanical behavior prediction.
(1.3) AI optimizing complex engineering design.
2. Frontier Robotics Technologies
(2.1) Autonomous perception for extreme environments.
(2.2) Intelligent control for extreme environments
(2.3) Swarm robotics collaboration for extreme environments.
3. AI and Robotics Empowering Deep Earth Engineering
(3.1) AI and robotics for deep drilling and oil/gas extraction.
(3.2) AI and robotics for cavern construction and energy storage in deep Earth.
4. AI for enhancing the Discovery of Geomechanics Knowledge in Deep Space
(4.1) Geomechanics modeling for the Moon, Mars, and asteroids.
(4.2) Investigating the structure and evolutionary patterns of extraterrestrial geomaterials through multi-source heterogeneous data fusion.

Understanding and predicting the coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical (THMC) processes governing CO2 geological sequestration remain a grand challenge for geoscience and engineering. The dynamic interplay among multiphase flow, mineral dissolution-precipitation, stress redistribution, and porous structure evolution determines the long-term safety of subsurface carbon storage. Although experimental and numerical advances have deepened our mechanistic insight, bridging pore-scale reactions to reservoir-scale behavior and translating these findings into engineering design still pose major uncertainties. With the rapid progress in high-performance computing and data-driven modeling, multiscale simulation and machine-learning aided optimization are also emerging as powerful tools to accelerate the deployment of CO2 geological storage systems. This session seeks to bring together researchers and practitioners to share advances in the mechanistic characterization, modeling innovations, and engineering optimization of CO2 sequestration in diverse geological settings. We welcome contributions based on laboratory experiments, numerical simulations, and field monitoring, particularly those focusing on reactive transport and geomechanics, coupled process modeling, risk assessment, and intelligent design of engineering strategies. The session aims to promote interdisciplinary collaboration toward building predictive, efficient, and safe carbon storage frameworks that bridge fundamental mechanisms with field-scale applications.

Glacial cycles impose large and transient perturbations in the hydraulic, thermal, mechanical, and geochemical conditions that control flow and transport in fractured rock. The coupled processes involve stress redistribution, geochemical alteration, fracture closure, reactivation and propagation, permafrost freeze-thaw dynamics, and transient groundwater flow which impacts the long-term evolution of the subsurface and has consequences for the performance of geological repositories. During glacial-interglacial transitions the combination of ice-sheet loading, basal glacial hydrology, and permafrost dynamics modifies hydraulic gradients and mechanical stresses, altering permeability and flow pathways over timescales of tens to hundreds of thousands of years. This session invites contributions exploring multiphysics coupling in fractured media under glacial and periglacial conditions with emphasis on the integration of coupled processes over long-term climate cycles.

The unconventional resource development, including shale hydrocarbons, coalbed methane, and enhanced geothermal systems, exhibit intrinsic multi-scale heterogeneities, spanning from nanoscale pores governing fluid storage and surface interactions to macroscopic fracture networks controlling bulk fluid transport. During stimulation and production operations, the pore-fracture structures undergoes continuous transformation through multiple mechanisms: mechanical deformation (e.g., fracture propagation, shear dilation, proppant embedment), chemical alterations (e.g., mineral dissolution/precipitation, proppant degradation), and thermal effects (e.g., thermal cracking, stress redistribution). Understanding and quantitatively predicting these coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical-chemical (THMC) processes in evolving geological media represents one of the most critical challenges in unconventional resource development. This session seeks to advance the fundamental understanding of multi-physics coupling mechanisms and their implications for fluid transport in heterogeneous subsurface systems. We welcome contributions including advanced characterization of pore-fracture evolution under coupled THMC conditions, novel experimental methods quantifying fracture dynamics and fluid-rock interactions, bridge theoretical advances, multi-scale modeling of coupled processes across pore-scale to reservoir-scale, constitutive model development for evolving transport properties in stimulated reservoirs, and so on.

Many reservoir engineering problems involve strongly coupled processes among multiphase flow, stress, chemical reactions, and thermal transport in porous media. In CO₂ sequestration, injection may affect caprock integrity and induce leakage; in geothermal systems, thermal injection and production can alter stress and deformation; and in nuclear waste disposal, heat generation changes mechanical equilibrium and hydrological properties.
This session addresses rigorous and efficient modeling of such coupled problems for field-scale simulations, particularly in fractured and faulted reservoirs. Topics include enhanced geothermal systems, CO₂ and gas storage, gas hydrate deposits, shale gas development, and nuclear waste repositories.
Emphasis will be placed on high-fidelity numerical approaches for thermo–hydro–mechanical systems exhibiting strong coupling and nonlinear geomechanics; deep learning applications; efficient and stable numerical schemes; multiscale and multigrid strategies; modeling of irreversible processes such as capillary hysteresis, plasticity, fracturing, and fault slip; and chemically induced weakening or hardening. Validation through laboratory experiments and applications to real field-scale simulations will also be discussed.

Addressing the knowledge gap spanning laboratory and field scales is achievable through the implementation of controllable meso-scale in situ experiments. Underground Rock Laboratories (URLs) such as Bedretto, Grimsel, Äspö, and Mont Terri provide realistic boundary conditions and coupled processes beyond small-scale lab experiments. This session brings together experimentalists and modelers to showcase how field-scale in-situ experiments and advanced numerical modelling can be integrated to improve mechanistic understanding, reduce uncertainty, and support reliable upscaling of fractured rock behavior. We welcome contributions that report novel experiments, data-rich monitoring campaigns, and their translation into predictive numerical frameworks.
Key topics may include: design and interpretation of stimulation and tracer tests; calibration and validation workflows using multi-type observations (pressure, microseismicity, strain, geochemistry); model benchmarking and sensitivity/uncertainty quantification; numerical representation of pre-existing fracture networks and emergent fracture growth; scale-bridging strategies and transfer of laboratory-scale constitutive laws to URL conditions; and best practices for open data, repeatability, and intercomparison exercises.